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As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)
ALARP is one of the fundamental principles of risk management. It is often also referred to as SFARP or SFAIRP (so far as is reasonably practicable). What the terms mean ALARP: “As Low As Reasonably Practicable”. Focuses on reducing risk to the lowest level that is reasonably achievable, typically by comparing risk levels against target or tolerable criteria, in the context of available resources. SFAIRP (or SFARP): “So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable”. Focuses on taking al
2 min read


Will It Stand Up in Court? The Expert-Witness Architecture Behind SEAM
Turning analysis into court-ready material — Part 3 of 3 If you haven’t read the previous articles, please start with the first in the series or go to the second article if you have read the first. They explain how the Structured Evidence Analysis Matrix (SEAM) works — the analytical engine borrowed from intelligence tradecraft, and the adaptations that make it fit for legal use. This final article covers what turns that analysis into something a court can rely on. Here
5 min read


Inside the Method: From Intelligence Tradecraft to the Courtroom
How the Structured Evidence Analysis Matrix works — Part 2 of 3 If you haven’t read the previous article, please read this one first. It introduces the case study this series is built around: a contested court matter with cross-allegations, a documentary record running to thousands of pages, and a client who needed the court to see the wood for the trees. In Part 1, I described the outcome: seventeen evidence items, three competing accounts, and a one-page result showin
6 min read


When Both Stories Fit the Facts
A case study in structured evidence analysis — Part 1 of 3 This is the first article in a three-part series introducing the Structured Evidence Analysis Matrix (SEAM), a method I developed for testing competing accounts against the documentary record in contested legal matters. Consider a person accused of stealing a car. They hold a driver’s licence. They knew where the car was kept. They had access to a key. Every one of those facts is consistent with guilt. Every one is al
5 min read


How Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) Helps Make Sense of Complex Accidents
When an accident is serious, tragic, and technically complex, the hardest task is often not collecting information, but making sense of competing explanations. Different witnesses see different things. Technical systems interact in ways that are not obvious. Early narratives can harden before the evidence is fully examined. NOTE: The MRH-90 incident is a real-world example of a tragic event. This ACH example is broadly accurate but is no substitute for the actual report findi
4 min read


Using Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) in Litigation, Inquiries, and Contested Policy Debates
For more insights into ACH & related topics, click here. In litigation, coronial inquiries, and high-stakes policy disputes, the hardest problem is rarely a lack of information. It is the opposite: too many facts, too many narratives, and too many incentives pushing decision-makers toward a preferred explanation long before the evidence has been properly weighed. Once a narrative takes hold, everything that follows tends to be interpreted through it. Contradictory facts are m
6 min read


Conducting an Independent Risk Assessment in Support of a Lobby, Coronial Inquiry, or Litigation
When people hear the phrase risk assessment, they often imagine a spreadsheet, a heat map, or a list of obvious hazards ranked from red to green. In routine operational settings, that may be sufficient. In the context of a lobby effort, a coronial inquiry, or litigation, it is not even close. In these environments, risk assessment is not an administrative task. It is a discipline of structured reasoning under uncertainty, carried out in full view of sceptical decision-makers
4 min read


Risk Communication - Using Natural Frequencies
Following on from my previous post, Risk Communication Issues, if we want to understand why otherwise knowledgeable health professionals...
4 min read


COVID-19 Vaccination and Alzheimer’s
On July 21, 2021, President Joe Biden said during a CNN town hall, “ You’re not going to get COVID if you have these vaccinations . ” I...
4 min read


The Stroud Matrix (2024)
Risk is complicated, right? That's partly because the fundamentals are often overlooked. The Stroud Matrix is my attempt to take a step...
3 min read


How to write a non-fiction book
It has taken me 20 years to work out the process for writing and publishing quality books. Here is that process.
7 min read


The Future of AI (and Homo Sapiens)
Artificial intelligence risks are not technological or ethical issues but are fundamentally driven by species-level evolutionary survival...
11 min read


Swans Of All Colors
In the 21st century, the era of artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, we should expect to encounter ‘swans’ of all shapes,...
3 min read


Trust Your Intuition: A Structured Approach
The advice to "trust your gut" is often given as a standalone solution to complex decisions. However, this oversimplifies a nuanced...
2 min read


The All Opportunities Approach
We've heard of the all hazards approach to risk management. But what of it's counterpart, the all opportunities approach? Maybe another...
3 min read


Consequence Calibration Matrix
Human beings have great difficulty in making accurate judgments under uncertainty. Often, we must make difficult decisions when reliable...
3 min read


There Is No Risk That Isn't Positive
The ISO31000 definition of risk (the effect of uncertainty on objectives) includes both positive and negative outcomes. This is at odds...
3 min read


SWOT Analysis
A SWOT analysis, standing for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, is a strategic planning tool that can be crucial for...
6 min read


Time Speeds Up With Age, And It Affects Risk Management
It's not just you. Time seems to go by faster for everyone as we age. This can have all sorts of weird side effects, and impact the way...
5 min read


Mental Models For Security Risk Management
In security risk management, the ability to adapt and respond to ever-evolving threats is paramount. This article describes some powerful...
4 min read


The Three Pillars of Effective Organizational Risk Management
In the complex and unpredictable landscape of modern business, risk management stands as a beacon guiding organizations toward...
2 min read


How to Design, Run, and Report on a Scenarios Workshop
Scenario workshops are invaluable for envisioning plausible futures and formulating strategies to navigate them. However, the success of...
3 min read


The Role of the Risk Matrix in Risk Management
Risk matrices have become ubiquitous in the business world. Risk matrices are a go-to approach for evaluating and prioritizing risks from...
3 min read


GRC vs. ERM: Understanding the Key Differences
Governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) is a broad term that refers to the processes and systems an organization puts in place to ensure...
1 min read
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